A hazardous materials survey identifies materials that may pose health or environmental risks prior to refurbishment or demolition.

A Sample Analysis Quality Plan (SAQP) defines how environmental sampling and laboratory analysis will meet required data quality standards.

A Conceptual Site Model (CSM) describes how contamination may be present at a site by linking sources, pathways and receptors.

Water quality sampling and monitoring assesses water conditions over time to manage environmental risk and demonstrate regulatory compliance.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemicals that readily evaporate and can contaminate soil, groundwater and air, creating potential health and vapour risks.

Virgin Excavated Natural Material (VENM) is clean, naturally occurring soil or rock that has not been impacted by contamination or human activity.

A validation report confirms that remediation has been completed and that land is suitable for its intended use.

An Underground Petroleum Storage System (UPSS) stores fuel below ground and is a common source of soil and groundwater contamination.

Soil classification determines how soil can be reused or managed based on its environmental condition and regulatory criteria.

Site remediation is the process of managing or removing contamination so land can be safely reused or developed.

A Remediation Action Plan (RAP) sets out how contamination will be remediated or managed to make land suitable for its intended use.

A Preliminary Site Investigation (PSI) identifies potential contamination risks and determines whether further environmental investigation is required.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent chemicals that can contaminate soil and groundwater and require careful assessment and management.

Non-friable asbestos is asbestos-containing material in which fibres are bound within a solid matrix and are less likely to be released unless disturbed.

A mould and moisture assessment identifies mould growth and underlying moisture issues within buildings to inform remediation and prevent recurrence.

Landfill leachate is contaminated liquid generated as water passes through waste material, posing risks to soil and groundwater if not managed.

Landfill gas is generated by decomposing waste and may pose explosion or health risks where development is proposed on or near former landfill land.

Heavy metals are metallic elements that, at elevated concentrations, can pose risks to human health or the environment and are commonly assessed in contaminated land investigations.

Hazardous waste is waste that poses a risk to human health or the environment and requires specialised handling, transport and disposal.

Groundwater sampling involves collecting groundwater from monitoring wells to assess water quality, contamination and compliance.